TA-Luft (Clean Air)
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German Clean Air Act is a law in Germany, which determines the maximum values for emission and immission of a plant. TA-Luft is binding for approval authorities for approval of industrial plant and machinery. Old machines must achieve these values within a transition period or must be replaced.
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Temperature rule for process valves
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Since the manufacturer specifications for the maximum permissible operating temperature of the valves usually have to be considered in relation to an assumed ambient temperature of 20 °C (generally applied measuring constant), the following rules must be observed for the use of valves unless the manufacturer specifies other parameters. Regardless of this, the maximum ambient temperature specified by the manufacturer may not be exceeded even if the actual operating temperature of the medium should be small. This is due to the fact that too high an ambient temperature has a negative effect on parts and components of the valve which do not necessarily have direct contact with the working medium (e.g. electronic parts, control membranes, threaded connections etc.). If, contrary to this rule, a valve can be used at high operating pressures and at the same time increased ambient temperatures, these data must be confirmed by the manufacturer (e.g. in the technical data sheet, the offer and/or an order confirmation).
Operating temp.max.safe function = (operating temp.max. manufacturer spec. + 20 °C) - ambient temp.actual
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Operating temp.max.safe function = (operating temp.max. manufacturer spec. + 20 °C) - ambient temp.actual
Tension tear corrosion
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Under tension tear corrosion one understands a tear formation in metals due to tension/bending forces in which corrosive substances have a simultaneous effect on the tear area. Characteristic is a deformationless separation with intercrystalline or transcrystalline progress often without formation of visible corrosion products.
Three prerequisites for the formation of tension corrosion must be satisfied simultaneously:
a) The material used must exhibit a special tendency to tension tear corrosion (chrome-nickel steels).
b) Tensions must be available whereby load and inherent tension act in the same way.
c) A specific active solution must be available (chloride and alkaline hydroxide solution).
This susceptibility rises with increasing concentration of chlorine and temperature. In order to effectively counteract the tension tear corrosion one of the three factors which cause it must be eliminated. This is often only possible through the material, e.g. increase in the nickel content or reduction in the tensions by tempering. Chrome-nickel steels with a Si-content greater than 3.5 % have also proven effective.
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Three prerequisites for the formation of tension corrosion must be satisfied simultaneously:
a) The material used must exhibit a special tendency to tension tear corrosion (chrome-nickel steels).
b) Tensions must be available whereby load and inherent tension act in the same way.
c) A specific active solution must be available (chloride and alkaline hydroxide solution).
This susceptibility rises with increasing concentration of chlorine and temperature. In order to effectively counteract the tension tear corrosion one of the three factors which cause it must be eliminated. This is often only possible through the material, e.g. increase in the nickel content or reduction in the tensions by tempering. Chrome-nickel steels with a Si-content greater than 3.5 % have also proven effective.
Thermoplast
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Total colony number
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Turbulent flow
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TVO
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Type of ignition protection
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The type of ignition protection describes electical explosion-proof operating equipment based on its form of protection. According to standards EN 50015 to 50021, the following type of ignition protection can be classified. Oil enclosure "o", overpressure enclosure "P", sand enclosure "q", flame enclosure "d", increased safety "e", intrinsic safety "e", intrinsic safety "i" or type of ignition protection "n".
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UF
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UHT
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UL
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Ultra pure water
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Ultra-filtration
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Ultrasonic measurement
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Upstream processing
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USDA
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USP
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